Instruments use for Marking Stations

These are the instruments use for Marking Stations in Surveying:

Pegs:

• The wooden pegs are mainly used to mark the station position.
• The pegs are generally made with hard timber, steel or plastic and they are tapered at one ends.
• The pegs are 150 mm (15 cm) long and 250 mm (2.5 cm) square. 
• The pegs should be firmly driven in the ground with the steel hammer with about 40 mm (4 cm) length projecting above the surface of the ground.

Ranging Rods:

• The ranging rods are used for marking the positions of stations conspicuously and for ranging straight lines. 
• The ranging rod is mainly made of the wood or metal. 
• They are circular or octagonal in cross section of 30 mm (03 cm)  nominal diameter and shod with cross shoe 15 cm long at the lower end.
• They are made of two sizes namely one of  2 meters and the other 3 meters and are divided into equal parts each 0.2 m long. 
• To make them visible for long  distances, the ranging roads are mainly painted red, black or white, and may also be painted with these color combinations such as white or red, white, and black successively. 
• When they are at a considerable distance, red and white or white and yellow flags about 25 cm square should be fastened at the top.

Ranging Poles:

• The ranging poles are similar to the ranging rods but are of the heavier section. 
• They vary length from 4 m to 6 m or more and are used in the case of very long lines.

Offset Rod:

• The offset rod is similar to the ranging rod but is usually 3 m long. 
• The top is provided with a stout open ring recessed hook for pulling or pushing the chain through a hedge or other obstruction.
• It has two short narrow vertical slots passing through the center of the section at right angles to one another and set at about the eye level, is chiefly used for aligning the offset line and measuring short offsets.

Laths:

• Plasterer's laths are very useful when ranging out long lines especially over very uneven ground, or when the forward ranging rod may not be visible due to obstructions such as hedges, walls, etc. or when crossing a depression. 
• They are light, cheap and easily procurable. 
• The Laths are in white color, they are visible easily at a long distance. 
• They can also at any desired length usually 1 meter.

Whites:

• The whites are used for the same purpose as the laths when the latter is not  available, or when the number of ranging rods is limited. 
• These are thin strips of bamboo or thin sticks or twigs cut from wood or hedge and vary from 40 cm to 1 m in length. 
• They are sharpened to a point at one end and split at the other for the purpose of inserting pieces of white paper. 
• The whites are also useful for temporary marking of contour points in locating contours or of points to be leveled in taking cross sections.

Plumb Bob:

• Plum bob is required when measuring distances along slopes in a hilly region in order to transfer points to the ground as in the method of stepping. 
• It is also used for accurate centering of a theodolite over a station Survey mark, and for testing the verticality of ranging poles.

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